Central Asia in World History Page 20
Anonymous. The Secret History of the Mongols. Translated by Igor de Rachewiltz. 2 vols. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004.
Barthold, W. [V. V. Bartol’d]. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. 3rd ed. Translated by T. Minorsky. Edited by C. E. Bosworth. London, 1968.
Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Biran, Michal. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Clavijo, Don Ruiz Gonzales de. Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406. Translated by Guy Le Strange. London: Routledge, 1928. Reprint, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1994.
Dawson, Christopher, ed. Mission to Asia. London: Sheed and Ward, 1980.
de la Vaissière, Étienne. Sogdian Traders: A History. Translated by James Ward. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
DeWeese, Devin. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde. University Park: Penn State Press, 1994.
Frye, Richard N. The Heritage of Central Asia. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1996.
Hâjib, Yûsuf Khâss. Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes. Translated by Robert Dankoff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005.
Juvainî, ‘Ata-Malik. The History of the World-Conqueror. Translated by John A. Boyle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.
Mackerras, Colin. The Uighur Empire According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972.
Manz, Beatrice F. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Marshak, Boris. Legends, Tales, and Fables in the Art of Sogdiana. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, 2002.
Morgan, David. The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
Narshakhî, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja’far. The History of Bukhara. Translated by Richard N. Frye. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1954.
Pan, Yihong. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and its Neighbors. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University Press, 1997.
Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1993.
Rashîd al-Dîn, Fadlallâh. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Translated by John A. Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
Ratchnevsky, Paul. Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Translated by Thomas N. Haining. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
Rubruck, William of. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. Translated by Peter Jackson. Edited by Peter Jackson and David Morgan. Hakluyt Society, second series, vol. 173. London: Hakluyt Society, 1990.
Wriggins, Sally Hovey. Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.
EARLY MODERN
Babur. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Translated, edited, and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston. New York: Oxford Universty Press, 1998.
Bergholz, Fred W. The Partition of the Steppe: The Struggle of the Russians, Manchus, and the Zunghar Mongols for Empire in Central Asia, 1619-1758. New York: Peter Lang, 1993.
Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haidar. A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia being the Tarikh-i Rashidi. Edited by N. Elias. Translated by E. Dennison Ross. London, 1895. Reprint, London: Curzon Press, 1972.
Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
MODERN
Allworth, Edwin. Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, A Historical Overview. 3rd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.
Bawden, Charles R. The Modern History of Mongolia. New York: Frederick Praeger, 1968.
Brower, Daniel R., and Edward J. Lazzarini, eds. Russia’s Orient. Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Crews, Robert D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
d’Encausse, Hélène Carrère. Islam and the Russian Empire: Reform and Revolution in Central Asia. Translated by Quintin Hoare. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Hiro, Dilip. Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2009.
Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Khalid, Adeeb. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Khodarkovsky, Michael. Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500-1800. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 2002.
Landau, Jacob, and Barbara Kellner-Heinkele. Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001.
Northrop, Douglas. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
Rudelson, Justin J. Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China’s Silk Road. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Sahadeo, Jeff, and Russell Zanca, eds. Everyday Life in Central Asia Past and Present. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Websites
Asia Society: Country Profiles
www.asiasociety.org/countries-history/country-profiles
This excellent reference website
provides a clear and current overview
and statistics about the countries of
Asia, including Central Asia.
Illustrated with maps and flags.
Buddhist Art and Trade Routes
www.asiasocietymuseum.com/buddhist_trade/index.html
The Asia Society hosts this website of
images, maps, and articles about
Buddhist art and the Silk Road.
Central Eurasia Project of the Open Society Institute
www.eurasianet.org/
This news website covers economic
and civil topics in Central Asia.
Articles are supplemented by interviews,
slideshows, blogs, and videos.
Dunhuang Academy
www.dha.ac.cn/
This website provides photos and
information on the history of selected
grottos from the Mogao caves.
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
www.metmuseum.org/toah/
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
provides timelines and articles on art
from all over the world, divided into
regions. The geographic section “Central
and North Asia” is most relevant. The
site includes essays devoted to Genghis
Khan, Mongolian tents, and archaeological
investigation of Ma’lta.
The Hermitage
http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_5_11.html
The Hermitage Museum provies an
overview of its rich holdings in
Central Asian art and artifacts,
including pages devoted to the
collection highlights.
International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online
http://idp.bl.uk/
This site is an international collaboration
of institutes holding the world’s
best Silk Road collections. The site
includes a searchable database of art,
artifacts, and documents; articles and
newsletters on Silk Road history and
research; and a categorized list of links
to useful sites.
Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northwestern China, Gansu, and Ningxia
http://sites.asiasociety.org
/arts/monksandmerchants/
This online exhibit from the Asia
Society presents images of sculptures,
artifacts, and documents, each with a
short article.
Silk Road Seattle
http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/index.html
A public education project sponsored
by the University of Washington, this
sprawling website includes illustrated
articles on history, architecture, and
culture, as well as annotated bibliographies,
an electronic atlas, and
historical documents translated into
English.
The Transoxiana Pages
http://www.oxuscom.com/centasia.htm
This website includes a collection of
articles and detailed chronologies by
Mark Dickens, as well as a useful list
of links to other general sites on
Central Asia.
Acknowledgments
Iwould like to thank Nancy Toff of Oxford University Press and the series editors, Bonnie Smith and Anand Yang, for their patience and guidance in the preparation of this book. I would also like to acknowledge the sharp editorial eye of Karen Fein and the many technical contributions of Sonia Tycko.
For many years I have benefited from an ongoing conversation on Central Asian history with my friends and colleagues Thomas T. Allsen, Nicola Di Cosmo, and Anatoly M. Khazanov. I would also like to thank my students at Rutgers University to whom I first began to introduce the peoples and cultures of Central Asia some thirty-six years ago. It is with them in mind that this book was written. Needless to say, I alone am responsible for any errors of fact or mistakes in interpretation.
My son, Greg, has always managed to find time from his own busy scholarly activity to solve his father’s computer problems and for that I am truly grateful. My wife, Sylvia Wu Golden, has been my greatest helpmate in all things and to her this book is dedicated.
Index
‘Abbâsids, 61, 64, 70, 74, 84, 89
‘Abd al-’Azîz Sâmî, 125
‘Abd al-Latîf, 98
‘Abdallâh II, 114
Abdurrauf Fitrat, 130
Abu Bakr, 100
Abu Ja’far Muhammad al-Khwârazmî, 67
Abu Shâma, 84–85
Abu’l-Khayr Khan, 102–3, 105
Achaemenid Empire, 23
Achaemenids, 16, 17, 25
Afghanistan, 2, 6, 9, 21, 24–25, 32, 40, 42, 54, 58, 71, 116, 124–25
Age of Reason, 115
Agni, 52
agrarian states, 1
agriculture, 4, 9, 12, 19, 22, 25, 33, 47, 49, 53, 71, 128
Ahmad Durrânî Khan, 124
Ahriman, 22
Aitmatov, Chingiz, 136
Alan-Qo’a, 79
Alans, 33
Alash Orda political party, 131–32
al-Bîrûnî, 57, 61, 72
Alexander the Great, 16–17, 20, 25, 52
‘lim Khan, 115
al-Jâhiz, 64
al-Ma’mûn, 67
al-Muqaddasî, 50
al-Musta’sim, 84
Alp Arslan, 74
Alp Tigin, 71
Alpamïsh tale, 120
alphabets, 87
al-Qaeda, 137–38
al-Qânûn fî at-Tibb, 67, 68
al-Tabarî, 60
Altai Mountains, 37, 40
Altaic language, 7, 22
Altan Khan, 110–12, 155n16
Altan Tobchi, 111
Altay Mountains, 3–4, 85
Altin-Depe, 10
al-’Umarî, 91
al-’Utbî, 72
Amasanji, 103
Ambaghai Khan, 77
Amur Darya River, 1, 4
Amursana, 120
An Lushan, 44
Anagui, 37
Anatolia, 74–75
ancestor worship. See religion
Ancient Letters, 50–51
animal sacrifice, 57, 92–93
Aq Mechit, 125
Arabic language, 47, 61
Arabs, 44, 50, 53, 58–62
Aral Sea, 2, 4
Aramaic, 61–62
Ariq Böke, 84
Armenia, 75, 84
artwork, 23, 24, 32–33, 46, 51, 54, 98–99
Ashina Türks, 37, 39, 43
Ashing, 110
Ashkhabad, 2, 10, 127
Ashoka, 52
Astrakhan, 101, 108
astronomy, 98
‘Atâ Malik Juvainî, 77
atheism, 67, 135
Atil, 65
Attila, 33–34, 38
Aurangzîb, 116
Avars, 35–38
Avar-Wei wars, 37
Ayuki Khan, 117
Azeri Turks, 75
Baatur Khungtaiji, 117–18
Baba Tükles, 92
Babur, 106–7
Bactria, 24–25, 31–32, 52, 54
Bagha Tarqan Kül Chur, 60
Baghdad, 65, 74
Baikal, 77
Baktra, 52
Balkans, 38, 65, 86
Balkh, 114
Bamiyan, 54
Ban Chao, 31
Barchuq, 81
Barlas, 94
Barsbay, 100
Bashkiria, 124
Bashkirs, 132
Basmïl, 44
Battle of Ankara, 96
Battle of Köse Da, 84
Batu, 83, 85, 91
Batu Möngke, 103–4
Belarus’, 83
Berbers, 58
Berke, 91–92
Bezeklik, 46
Bhatnir, 97
Bibi Khanum mosque, 99
Bilge Qaghan, 42–44
bilingualism, 7–8, 134
Black Sea, 2, 6, 10, 37, 49, 63
blood-sweating horses, 29–30
Bogdo Khan, 139
Bögü Qaghan, 44–45
Bökey Khan, 124
Bolad Agha, 87
Bolsheviks, 131–32
Börte, 79, 87
bows and arrows, 11–12, 22
Brahui, 9
Brezhnev, Leonid, 136
bride diplomacy, 39
Buddhism
Afghanistan, 32, 54
Altan Khan, 110–12
artwork, 32–33, 46
Buddha statues, 52, 54
in Central Asia, 2
in China, 35, 55
deva, 56
Graeco-Bactria, 25
Hephthalites, 36
idol worship, 58
in India, 52
Kalmyks, 117
Kushan coinage, 32
Lamaistic Buddhism, 105, 106, 111
madrasas, 68
Mogao Caves, 48
Mongol Empire, 110–13, 126
Mongolia, 2
Mongol-Oirat Code, 118
nomads, 110
paper making, 60
pilgrimages, 33
Qara Khitai, 75
and shamanism, 111
Sogdia, 55
under the Soviet Union, 135
Tatpar Qaghan, 43
Tibetan civil war, 47
Uighurs, 47
Yellow Uighurs, 62
Bukhara, 2, 18, 20, 40, 53, 57, 59, 66, 73, 82, 112, 114–16, 122–25, 127, 131
Bulgaria, 65
Bulgharo-Turkic language, 101
Bulghars, 65, 70, 83
Bumïn, 37
burial sites, 42
Burma, 89
Burnaby, Frederick G., 122
Burnes, Alexander, 122–23
Burushaski language, 9
Byzantine Empire, 86
Byzantium, 15, 38–40, 42, 65, 74
Cambodia, 90
camels, 12–13, 51
cannibalism, 63–64
caravansary, 19–20, 116
Caspian Sea, 31, 65
Caspian-Pontic steppes, 33
Castiglione, Giuseppe, 119
Catherine the Great, 120, 124
>
Caucasia, 33
Caucasus Mountains, 9, 65
Central Asia
Arab conquests, 58
Bolsheviks, 132–33
brain drain, 115
and China, 2, 60–61
Cyrus invasion, 25
ecology, 4
geography of, 1–4
Great Game, 122
Ice Age, 9
Islam, 1–3, 61, 67–68, 114–15
linguistic history, 2, 7, 62
Mongol conquest of, 82
Muscovy, 108
political organization, 137–38
produce, 19
Qaghanate rulers, 37–38
Qing Dynasty, 121
religions of, 1–3
and Russia, 121, 127
silk diplomacy, 38
Tang Dynasty, 41
Türk Empire, 49
Châch, 59
Chaghadaids, 83, 85–86, 93, 95
Chaghatay Turkic, 107
Chaghrï, 74
châkar, 53–54, 64
Chakhars, 104
Chang’an, 42
Charlemagne, 38
Cherniaev, M. G., 125
Chiang Kai-shek, 138
China. See also individual dynasties
al-Qaeda, 138
Arab conquests, 58–59
and Buddhism, 35, 55
and Central Asia, 2, 60–61
Cultural Revolution, 138
Four Garrisons of the Anxi
Protectorate, 52
Great Wall of China, 3, 26, 110, 113
gunpowder weapons, 104
Hun incursions, 34
Kushan Empire trade, 33
linguistic history, 6
map, 3
and the Mongol Empire, 86, 138–39
Nestorians, 58
and nomads, 15
Ordos region, 30
paper making, 60, 87
power struggle with Muslims, 60
Qing Dynasty, 109
Qitan, 49
Revolution of 1911, 138
Silk Road, 16, 31, 38
Sogdians, 50, 61
steppe vs. agrarian cultures, 4
Tabghach (Tuoba), 35
Treaty of Kiakhta, 139
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 109–10
Türk Empire, 40
and Vietnam, 41
war-chariots, 11
Wuhuan, 31
and the Xiongnu, 29
Chinggis Khan. See Mongol Empire
Chinggisids, 101, 105–6, 111, 124
chopsticks, 88
Christianity, 23, 36, 47, 55, 58, 61, 65, 75, 88, 108, 125, 135
Chu valley, 71
civil war, 60–61
Clavijo, Don Ruiz Gonzales de, 94–96
climate change, 10–11, 115
clothing, 17, 28, 42, 73, 78
coinage, 27, 32, 69, 73, 114, 118
combat elephants, 72, 74